A South Korean court has found the former police chief of Seoul and two other officers not guilty over a botched response to a Halloween crowd crush that killed 159 people, including two Australians.
The verdict by the Seoul Western District Court drew angry responses from grieving relatives and their advocates, who accused the court of refusing to hold high-level officials accountable for an incident that was largely blamed on a lack of disaster planning and an inadequate emergency response.
Kim Kwang-ho, former chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, was the most senior police official among more than 20 police and government officials indicted over the crush in Itaewon, a popular nightlife district in Seoul.
Prosecutors had sought a five-year prison term for Kim.
An investigation led by the National Police Agency found that police and local officials failed to plan effective crowd control measures even though they expected more than 100,000 people to gather for Halloween events in the Itaewon neighbourhood.
The crowd became stuck in one of the extremely narrow alleys that wind through the neighbourhood of Itaewon. (Reuters: Yonhap)
The investigators found that Seoul police assigned just 137 officers to Itaewon on the day of the crush.
Police also ignored hotline calls placed by pedestrians who warned of swelling crowds before the surge turned deadly.
Once people began getting crushed in an alley near Hamilton Hotel, they failed to establish control over the site and allow paramedics to reach the injured in time.
Some experts have called the crush a "man-made disaster" that could have been prevented with relatively simple steps like employing more police and public workers to monitor bottleneck points, enforcing one-way walking lanes and blocking narrow pathways.
The verdict dismayed grieving family members outside the courthouse. (AP: Yonhap/Lim Hwa-young)
The Seoul court acquitted Mr Kim of professional negligence, saying that prosecutors failed to prove that he had violated his duties or to establish a connection between his conduct and the high death toll and injuries.
The court also acquitted two lower-ranking police officers who faced similar charges.
Itaewon Disaster Bereaved Families, a group representing the victims of the crush, said the ruling was "dishonest" and "impossible to understand" and called for prosecutors to appeal.
"We strongly condemn that the main officials of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, who ignored their duties for prevention, preparation and response despite anticipating that a large crowd would develop, and who have been denying their responsibility until now, are being given a free pass," the group said.
The same court earlier this month sentenced the former chief of Seoul's Yongsan district police station to three years in prison and convicted two of his colleagues of professional negligence resulting in death, citing their failure to properly prepare for the crowd and respond to the crush.
One of the other officers was also sent to prison, while the other received a suspended sentence.
The court acquitted Park Hee-young, head of the Yongsan ward office, and three other ward officials, saying that they had no legal authority to control or break up crowds.
AP