Among the first to wed were athletes Craig Burns (R) and Luke Sullivan, whose ceremony took place just after midnight at an estate in New South Wales on Tuesday.
The two runners quickly organized the wedding in the month since the law was passed, CNN affiliate Seven Network reported. All Australian couples must provide a full month's notice of their intention to get married.
In the port city of Perth in Western Australia, Gillian Brady (L) and Lisa Goldsmith signed their marriage certificate at a ceremony at the Court Hotel.
In Sydney, local bakeries prepared commemorative cakes for the Sydney Festival's event in Hyde Park. In celebration of the historic event, festival organizers threw a public "rainbow wedding reception" in the park's Meriton Festival Village complete with music, cake, champagne and pink swimming pools.
Wives Rebecca Hickson (L) and Sarah Turnbull exchanged in a ceremony in Newcastle, New South Wales.
In Melbourne, activists Antony McManus (R) and Ron Van Houwelingen were married at the David Williamson Theater, where they met 30 years earlier as students.
Their wedding cake was topped with a symbol of their love.
"I suppose it's been a wedding planned for 30 years but we've had really a month to get things together," Ron Van Houwelingen, 50, told CNN's Australian affiliate Seven Network.
"It's been quite hectic trying to organise that in such a short amount of time," he said.
Most countries that have opted for marriage equality are in Europe and the Americas. In 2001, the Netherlands was the first nation to legalize same-sex marriage.
Ireland was the first country to legalize the measure through popular vote in 2013, and in 2015 the United States Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples could marry nationwide.