FTX’s implosion has set off one of the worst upheavals in the history of crypto. Until this month, Bankman-Fried was regarded as one of the few trustworthy figures in a freewheeling, loosely regulated industry. He built a business empire, invested in smaller crypto firms and lobbied aggressively in Washington.

Now his actions are devastating the industry. Hundreds of thousands of customers stored their funds on FTX, which provided a marketplace for people to buy and sell digital coins; the exchange owes its creditors an estimated $US8 billion ($12 billion). And since the implosion, several major crypto firms with close ties to FTX have come under mounting financial pressure, as fears grow that the collapse could cause other companies to fail. On Monday, the crypto lender BlockFi filed for bankruptcy, citing the fallout from FTX’s disintegration.

The legal ramifications are only beginning to take shape. Justice Department prosecutors are investigating FTX’s downfall, focusing on whether the exchange broke the law by lending its customers’ funds to the hedge fund Alameda Research, which Bankman-Fried also founded and owned. In bankruptcy court, FTX’s new chief executive has harshly criticised Bankman-Fried’s management of the company, calling it a “complete failure of corporate control.”

Reached by phone Sunday night, Bankman-Fried declined to address the messages that top executives exchanged leading up to the bankruptcy filing. But he said that even after FTX’s collapse, he had found “numerous parties” willing to invest funds. He declined to name any of the possible investors.

Miller and an FTX spokesman declined to comment.

The crisis began November 8, when Bankman-Fried announced that a run on deposits at FTX had forced him to sell the company to one of its bitterest rivals, Binance. For about a day, the deal raised the prospect that FTX could survive as part of a giant exchange run by Binance. But after reviewing FTX’s financial records, Binance pulled out of the agreement, citing issues with “corporate due diligence.”

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“Sam, I’m sorry,” Binance’s founder, Changpeng Zhao, wrote in a text message to Bankman-Fried. “But we won’t be able to continue this deal. Way too many issues. CZ.”

With FTX swiftly unravelling, Miller tried to seize control of the situation. A former lawyer for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Miller had served as general counsel of FTX’s U.S. arm since August 2021. While he never belonged to Bankman-Fried’s main circle of advisers in the Bahamas, where FTX was based, he had accompanied the young executive in meetings with regulators in Washington.

Early in the crisis, Caroline Ellison, the chief executive of Alameda, wrote in a group chat with Miller that she was “kinda worried that everyone is gonna quit/take time off,” adding an emoticon of a sweating face. Miller responded November 9 that FTX needed “a professional manager vested with decision-making authority.”

That afternoon, Miller asked Bankman-Fried and two other executives to shut down trading on FTX’s platforms

“Who can turn off the websites?” he asked in a group chat at 4:41 p.m.

Two minutes later, he got a response from Constance Wang, FTX’s chief operating officer and one of Bankman-Fried’s top lieutenants.

“Ryne, I love you,” she wrote, “but I don’t want to stop trying yet.”

Miller and other FTX executives also urged Bankman-Fried to give up some control of his business empire. At one point, Zach Dexter, an executive who worked on FTX’s American business, asked Bankman-Fried to delegate authority over US operations to him and Miller. In an exchange on the messaging system Slack, Bankman-Fried at first appeared to dodge Dexter’s question. Instead, he responded with proposed language for a banner on FTX’s US website.

Soon other FTX officials joined in, urging Bankman-Fried to forgo some control.

But Bankman-Fried seemed convinced he could save FTX. In a message to employees November 10, he announced that he was hoping to secure new financing from crypto entrepreneur Justin Sun. FTX had “a lot theoretically in and/or potentially for the raise,” he wrote.

Behind the scenes, pressure was growing to appoint a new executive to lead the exchange. On the night of November 9, Andrew Dietderich, a lawyer at Sullivan & Cromwell, sent FTX executives the resume of John Jay Ray III, a corporate turnaround expert who had led the unwinding of Enron after the energy company’s collapse in an accounting scandal in 2001.

“Sam this is an excellent pick and I wholeheartedly hope you sign this tonight,” Dexter wrote in an email on the evening of November 10. “The faster John is in place, the faster the company can resolve issues that require urgent progress.”

A flurry of emails followed. In a message at 3:38 a.m. on November 11, Miller asked for an update on Bankman-Fried’s decision.

“I am chatting with Sam,” responded Ken Ziman, a lawyer at the firm Paul Weiss who was representing Bankman-Fried.

Ten minutes later, Ziman confirmed that Bankman-Fried had signed the document, authorising Ray to take over FTX. The company filed for bankruptcy a few hours later.

Bankman-Fried was also frustrated. Despite giving up control of FTX, he continued contacting possible investors about new funding for the exchange. In a letter to former colleagues last week, he said he regretted filing for bankruptcy, claiming that “potential interest in billions of dollars of funding came in roughly eight minutes after I signed the Chapter 11 docs.”

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He presented no evidence for that claim, and in any case, FTX was no longer his company to run. On the morning of November 11, Miller moved quickly to make that clear, requesting the deletion of information about the firm’s old leadership from its website.

“Who can go to FTX.com and FTX US and remove the pictures and bios of the people under ‘about,’” he asked in a group chat with other executives.

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

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