With the US being the world’s largest producer and exporter of oil and gas, there is also stronger interest in the sector there and better support from US and international investors.

While the market dynamics have seen some UK and European companies, particularly (but not exclusively) tech and biotech companies, shift their listings to the US, they are not the primary reason energy companies have considered the move.

Nor is the post-Brexit decline in the status of London’s market a major factor, although what was once the global hub for resources investment has been fading as some of its larger listings, like BHP’s UK listing, have disappeared or – as will happen if BHP succeeds with its Anglo-American bid -- London-listed miners have been acquired.

The US companies are pursuing growth strategies. Their trans-Atlantic competitors aren’t.

The more material influence on the oil majors’ valuations than the nature of their domestic markets is the extent to which policymakers and investors in the UK and Europe have responded to climate change and the way that has, and is, shaping the growth strategies of companies like TotalEnergies, Shell and BP.

Exxon and Chevron are aggressively growing their oil and gas production volumes and investing in increasing their output even as, across the Atlantic, TotalEnergies, Shell and BP are pursuing carbon emissions reduction-related strategies that will eventually see their volumes decline.

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The US companies are pursuing growth strategies. Their transatlantic competitors aren’t.

Shell and BP have received significant criticism recently for slowing the rate at which their fossil fuel volumes are scheduled to fall.

BP, for instance, had a 2020 plan to cut its oil and gas production by 40 per cent by 2030 from 2019. Last year, the target was shifted to 25 per cent by 2030, with the 35 to 40 per cent target for its own carbon emissions revised to between 20 and 30 per cent.

Shell, which had said it would reduce its output by 1 or 2 per cent a year through to the end of the decade, last year restated its plan.

It now expects flat volumes through to 2030 and, where it had planned to reduce investment in oil and gas and increase its spending on low-carbon products, it will now invest $US40 billion in oil and gas by 2035, against the $US10 to $US15 billion it will spend in those low-carbon products.

The backlash against BP and Shell was strong because European and UK fund managers, retail investors and their governments are far more committed to environmental, social and governance policies than most US fund managers and other investors.

In the US, where President Joe Biden has presided over a massive increase in US oil and gas production and Donald Trump is promising to “drill, baby, drill” if he regains the presidency, there has recently been something of a backlash against ESG investment policies.

The stronger emissions reduction frameworks in Europe and the UK (and successful legal actions by environmental activists) have forced their oil and gas companies to pursue strategies that have resulted in them constraining their oil and gas investment and production while building a presence in greener technologies and fuels.

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From the companies’ perspective – and that of prospective investors less concerned about fossil fuels – the pressure to reduce their oil and gas production and invest in renewables and hydrogen will deliver lower returns than the more aggressively pro-fossil fuel strategies pursued by Exxon and Chevron.

When BP unveiled its new timetable for responding to climate change, it said that it generated returns on investment of 15 to 20 per cent from its fossil fuel projects. The returns from bioenergy were about 15 per cent, but they were only 6 to 8 per cent from renewables like solar and wind. It’s not surprising that it decided to invest more in oil and gas and biofuels than in renewables.

There’s a relatively recent view among the majors, one that arguably was held earlier and more strongly by the US companies, that the transition to cleaner energy is going to take longer and, if it is to be relatively smooth, will require more investment in fossil fuels to maintain energy supply than was once projected.

That view doesn’t sit well with ESG-sensitive European or British investors. At the same time, the significant and still-growing presence of lower-returning assets in their portfolios and the absence of the production growth strategies of Exxon and Chevron deter those investors less fussed about investing in fossil fuels.

TotalEnergies, which has far more US investors than Europeans and whose biggest exposure to oil and gas is in the US, has less of a discount relative to Exxon and Chevron than the UK companies. But it believes that, if it were valued in line with them, there would be a very substantial uplift.

But as a French national champion, TotalEnergies would face significant obstacles to moving its listing – as might Shell and BP – from governments determined to retain their flagship companies, retain their corporate offices and maintain the size and relevance of their equity markets.

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